Takhala tikulakalaka dziko lokongola kuyambira tili ana.Ngakhale mawu akuti "zokongola" ndi "zokongola" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza malo osangalatsa.
Chikondi chachibadwidwe choterechi chimapangitsa makolo ambiri kuona kujambula monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ana awo.Ngakhale kuti ndi ana oŵerengeka amene amakondadi kujambula, ana oŵerengeka angakane kukongola kwa bokosi la utoto wabwino kwambiri.
Ndimu chikasu, lalanje wachikasu, ofiira owala, udzu wobiriwira, wobiriwira wa azitona, wobiriwira wobiriwira, ocher, cobalt blue, ultramarine ... mitundu yokongola iyi ili ngati utawaleza wokhudza mtima, womwe umatulutsa miyoyo ya ana mosadziwa.
Anthu achidwi angapeze kuti mayina a mitundu imeneyi nthawi zambiri amakhala mawu ofotokozera, monga udzu wobiriwira ndi wofiira.Komabe, pali zinthu zina monga "ocher" zomwe anthu wamba sangazimvetse.
Ngati mukudziwa mbiri ya mitundu ina, mudzapeza kuti pali mitundu yambiri yotereyi yomwe inawonongedwa mumtsinje wautali wa nthawi.Kuseri kwa mtundu uliwonse kuli nkhani yafumbi.
Kwa nthawi yaitali, utoto wa anthu sunathe kufotokoza gawo limodzi mwa magawo 100 a dziko lokongolali.
Nthaŵi zonse mtundu wa pigment watsopano ukaonekera, mtundu wake umatchedwa dzina latsopano.
Mitundu yakale kwambiri ya inkiyi inachokera ku mchere wachilengedwe, ndipo zambiri zinachokera ku dothi lopangidwa m’madera apadera.
Ufa wa Ocher wokhala ndi chitsulo chochuluka wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pigment, ndipo bulauni wofiyira womwe umawonetsa umatchedwanso mtundu wa ocher.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 300 B.C.E., Aiguputo akale anali ndi luso lopanga utoto.Amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wachilengedwe monga malachite, turquoise ndi cinnabar, akupera ndikutsuka ndi madzi kuti pigment ikhale yoyera.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Aigupto akale analinso ndi luso lapamwamba la utoto wa zomera.Izi zinathandiza Aigupto wakale kujambula zithunzi zambiri zokongola komanso zowala.
Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, kukula kwa inki ya anthu kumayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zapezeka mwamwayi.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wamtunduwu, anthu ayesa zachilendo zambiri ndikupanga gulu lamitundu yodabwitsa ndi utoto.
Cha m'ma 48 BC, Kaisara wamkulu adawona mtundu wamtundu wofiirira ku Egypt, ndipo adachita chidwi nthawi yomweyo.Iye anabweretsa mtundu umenewu, wotchedwa fupa la nkhono wofiirira, kubwerera ku Roma ndipo anaupanga kukhala mtundu wokhawokha wa banja lachifumu lachiroma.
Kuyambira pamenepo, utoto wofiirira wakhala chizindikiro cha ulemu.Choncho, mibadwo yotsatira imagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “kubadwa ndi chibakuwa” pofotokoza za banja lawo.Komabe, kupanga utoto wamtundu uwu wa nkhono wofiirira kumatha kutchedwa ntchito yodabwitsa.
Zilowerereni nkhono yowola ndi phulusa lamatabwa mumtsuko wodzaza ndi mkodzo wowola.Pambuyo pa nthawi yayitali, katulutsidwe ka viscous kwa gill gland ya nkhono ya fupa idzasintha ndikupanga chinthu chotchedwa ammonium purpurite lero, kusonyeza mtundu wa buluu wofiirira.
Njira yopangira ammonium purpurite
Zotsatira za njirayi ndizochepa kwambiri.Imatha kupanga utoto wosakwana 15 ml pa nkhono 250000 zamafupa, zongokwanira kudaya mwinjiro wachiroma.
Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa chakuti ntchitoyo imanunkha, utoto umenewu ukhoza kupangidwa kunja kwa mzindawu.Ngakhale zovala zomaliza zokonzedwa bwino zimapereka kukoma kwapadera kosaneneka chaka chonse, mwina ndi "Royal flavor".
Palibe mitundu yambiri ngati fupa la nkhono wofiirira.M'nthawi yomwe ufa wa mummy udadziwika koyamba ngati mankhwala ndipo kenako udadziwika ngati pigment, mtundu wina womwe umagwirizananso ndi mkodzo unapangidwa.
Ndi mtundu wachikasu wokongola komanso wowonekera bwino, womwe wakhala ukuwonekera kwa mphepo ndi dzuwa kwa nthawi yaitali.Amatchedwa Indian yellow.
Nkhono ya fupa yopangira utoto wapadera wachifumu wofiirira
Zopangira za Indian yellow
Monga momwe dzina lake limatanthawuzira, ndi mtundu wa pigment wodabwitsa wochokera ku India, womwe amati umachokera ku mkodzo wa ng'ombe.
Ng'ombezi zinkangodyetsedwa masamba a mango ndi madzi, zomwe zinayambitsa kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi, ndipo mkodzowo unali ndi zinthu zachikasu zapadera.
Turner ankanyozedwa chifukwa cholimbikitsidwa ndi matenda a jaundice chifukwa ankakonda kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito yellow yellow
Mitundu yachilendo imeneyi ndi utoto zinalamulira zojambulajambula kwa nthawi yaitali.Sikuti amangovulaza anthu ndi nyama, komanso amakhala ndi mtengo wotsika komanso wokwera mtengo.Mwachitsanzo, mu Renaissance, gulu la cyan linali lopangidwa ndi ufa wa lapis lazuli, ndipo mtengo wake unali wapamwamba kasanu kuposa wa golidi wamtundu womwewo.
Ndi chitukuko chophulika cha sayansi yaumunthu ndi luso lamakono, ma pigment amafunikanso kusintha kwakukulu.Komabe, kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kunasiya bala lakupha.
Lead white ndi mtundu wosowa padziko lonse lapansi womwe ungathe kusiya chizindikiro pazitukuko ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana.M'zaka za m'ma 300 BC, Agiriki akale anali atadziwa njira yopangira utoto woyera.
Lead White
Nthawi zambiri, mipiringidzo yambiri ya mtovu imakutidwa mu vinyo wosasa kapena ndowe za nyama ndikuyikidwa pamalo otsekedwa kwa miyezi ingapo.Chotsalira chomaliza cha carbonate ndi lead white.
Choyera chotsogola chokonzekera chimapereka mtundu wowoneka bwino komanso wandiweyani, womwe umatengedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwamitundu yabwino kwambiri.
Komabe, kutsogolera koyera sikungowoneka bwino muzojambula.Azimayi achiroma, achi Japan a geisha ndi achi China onse amagwiritsa ntchito zoyera zopaka nkhope zawo.Pamene amaphimba zilema za nkhope, amakhalanso ndi khungu lakuda, mano ovunda ndi utsi.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zingayambitse vasospasm, kuwonongeka kwa impso, mutu, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, chikomokere ndi zizindikiro zina.
Poyambirira, Mfumukazi Elizabeti wakhungu lakuda adadwala ndi poizoni wa mtovu
Zizindikiro zofanana zimawonekeranso kwa ojambula.Nthawi zambiri anthu amatchula ululu wosadziwika bwino kwa ojambula ngati "colic colic".Koma zaka mazana ambiri zapita, ndipo anthu sanazindikire kuti zochitika zachilendo zimenezi kwenikweni zimachokera ku mitundu yawo yokondedwa.
Choyera chotsogolera pa nkhope ya mkazi sichingakhale choyenera
Choyera chotsogolera chinatulutsanso mitundu yambiri pakusintha kwamtundu uku.
Van Gogh amakonda kwambiri chrome yellow ndi gulu lina lotsogolera, lead chromate.Mtundu wachikasu umenewu ndi wowala kuposa wachikasu wake wonyansa waku India, koma ndi wotsika mtengo.
Chithunzi cha Van Gogh
Monga choyera choyera, chitsogozo chomwe chili mmenemo chimaloŵa mosavuta m’thupi la munthu n’kudzibisa ngati kashiamu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku matenda osiyanasiyana monga kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje.
Chifukwa chomwe Van Gogh, yemwe amakonda kupaka utoto wachikasu ndi wandiweyani wa chrome, wakhala akudwala matenda amisala kwa nthawi yayitali mwina chifukwa cha "chopereka" chachikasu cha chrome.
Chinthu china cha kusintha kwa pigment si "chodziwika" monga kutsogolo koyera chrome chikasu.Ikhoza kuyamba ndi Napoleon.Nkhondo ya ku Waterloo itatha, Napoleon adalengeza kuti wachotsedwa, ndipo a British anamuthamangitsira ku St. Helena.Atakhala zaka zosakwana zisanu ndi chimodzi pachilumbachi, Napoliyoni anamwalira modabwitsa, ndipo zifukwa za imfa yake ndizosiyanasiyana.
Malinga ndi lipoti la autopsy la a British, Napoleon anamwalira ndi chilonda chachikulu cha m'mimba, koma kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti tsitsi la Napoleon linali ndi mankhwala ambiri a arsenic.
Zomwe zili mu arsenic zomwe zimapezeka m'matsitsi angapo azaka zosiyanasiyana zinali 10 mpaka 100 kuchuluka kwanthawi zonse.Choncho, anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti Napoliyoni anaponyedwa poizoni n’kumukonza kuti afe.
Koma zoona zake n’zodabwitsa.Arsenic yochuluka kwambiri m'thupi la Napoleon imachokera ku penti yobiriwira yomwe ili pamapepala.
Zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo, wasayansi wotchuka wa ku Sweden Scheler anapanga mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira.Mtundu wobiriwira wotere sudzaiwalika pang'onopang'ono.Zili kutali ndi kufanana ndi mitundu yobiriwira yopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe."Scheler green" uyu adadzetsa chidwi atayikidwa pamsika chifukwa chotsika mtengo.Sizinangogonjetsa mitundu ina yambiri yobiriwira, komanso inagonjetsa msika wa chakudya pa sitiroko imodzi.
Akuti anthu ena adagwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira za Scheler kuti azidaya chakudya paphwando, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti alendo atatu afe.Shiller wobiriwira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi amalonda mu sopo, kukongoletsa keke, zoseweretsa, maswiti ndi zovala, komanso, kukongoletsa mapepala.Kwa nthawi ndithu, chilichonse kuyambira zojambulajambula mpaka zofunika za tsiku ndi tsiku zinali zobiriwira, kuphatikizapo chipinda chogona cha Napoliyoni ndi bafa.
Akuti chipilalachi chinatengedwa m’chipinda chogona cha Napoliyoni
Chigawo cha Scheler chobiriwira ndi mkuwa arsenite, momwe trivalent arsenic ndi poizoni kwambiri.Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Napoleon kunali ndi nyengo yachinyontho ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito mapepala obiriwira a Scheler, omwe ankatulutsa arsenic wambiri.Akuti sipadzakhala nsikidzi m'chipinda chobiriwira, mwina chifukwa cha ichi.Mwamwayi, Scheler wobiriwira ndipo kenako Paris wobiriwira, yemwenso anali ndi arsenic, pamapeto pake adakhala mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Kuphatikiza apo, arsenic okhala ndi utoto wamankhwala pambuyo pake anagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza chindoko, chomwe chinayambitsa chithandizo chamankhwala chamankhwala.
Paul Ellis, bambo wa chemotherapy
Cupreouranite
Pambuyo pa kuletsedwa kwa Scheler wobiriwira, panalinso wobiriwira wina wochititsa mantha kwambiri.Pankhani yopanga zobiriwira izi, anthu amakono akhoza kuzigwirizanitsa nthawi yomweyo ndi mabomba a nyukiliya ndi ma radiation, chifukwa ndi uranium.Anthu ambiri saganiza kuti mpangidwe wachilengedwe wa miyala ya uranium unganene kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri, yotchedwa rose of the ore world.
Migodi yoyambirira ya uranium inalinso yowonjezera pagalasi ngati tona.Galasi lopangidwa motere limakhala ndi kuwala kobiriwira kobiriwira ndipo ndi lokongola kwambiri.
Galasi ya Uranium yowala yobiriwira pansi pa nyali ya ultraviolet
Orange yellow uranium oxide ufa
Okusayidi ya uranium ndi yofiira lalanje, yomwe imawonjezeredwa ku zinthu za ceramic monga tona.Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse isanachitike, zinthu “zodzala ndi mphamvu” za uranium zinali zidakali paliponse.Sizinali mpaka kukula kwa mafakitale a nyukiliya pamene United States inayamba kuletsa anthu wamba kugwiritsa ntchito uranium.Komabe, mu 1958, United States Atomic Energy Commission inamasula zoletsazo, ndipo uranium yotheratu idawonekeranso m'mafakitale a ceramic ndi mafakitale agalasi.
Kuyambira chilengedwe mpaka m'zigawo, kupanga kaphatikizidwe, mbiri ya chitukuko cha inki ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha makampani mankhwala anthu.Zinthu zodabwitsa zonse m’mbiri imeneyi zalembedwa m’maina a mitundu imeneyo.
Bone nkhono wofiirira, Indian yellow, Lead white, Chrome yellow, Scheler green, Uranium green, Uranium lalanje.
Iliyonse ndi mapazi omwe atsala panjira ya chitukuko cha anthu.Zina ndi zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika, koma zina sizozama.Pokhapokha pokumbukira njira zokhotakhotazi tingathe kupeza njira yowongoka yowongoka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-31-2021